20021205 Forms, Mechanisms And the Energy Of the Nanoworld (text version) (Electronics magazine) (htm)

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FORMS, MECHANISMS AND THE ENERGY OF THE NANOWORLD

IS ETHER'S ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR SPACE FLIGHTS?

ELECTRONICS: Science, Technology, Business 6/2002

Energetics has been the central problem for humanity throughout its history. Fire's energy, the Sun's energy, the energy of a nuclear reactor. When these kinds of energy are released matter is transformed (on the molecular, atomic or nuclear level). But receiving energy from these sources is connected with numerous problems, such as negative environmental impact, low effectiveness, dependency on outside conditions, limited resources and others. Are there other kinds of energy that could be used more effectively in human actiivty?

THE NANOWORLD AND ITS PROPERTIES

Many works have been written regarding another kind of energy that is contained in a more fundamental structure than microworld and devoid of the aforementioned drawbacks [1-9]. They deal with the energy of vacuum (Maxwell ether), or the nanoworld. Its concentration was already known in the beginning of the previous century. Max Planck showed [6] that the energy in 1m3 of ether (vacuum, nanoworld) had the order of 10114 Jo (the energy of 1m3 of nuclear fuel is approximately equal to 1018 - 1021 Jo, i.e. 96-93 orders less). In order to extract this enormous energy its gradient has to be found or created, after which it can be transformed, for example, into electricity using a thermal pair or a similar device. But one has to know the properties of the nanoworld for that, i.e. the size and form of its elements, the character of their connections and their dynamics.

Planck managed to calculate the parameters of the supposed ether elements, the so-called maximon, which were later called planckions in his honour. But his speculations were purely abstract. Another great physicist, Maxwell, described the form and position of ether's elements in the first approximation (particular laws of Faraday, Ampere, Coulomb turned out to be the corollaries of Maxwell's equations). In a few decades Heinrich Herz found the electromagnetic waves predicted my Maxwell experimentally and managed to confirm the transversal structure of these waves, which was proposed by him on the basis of "gear" model of the ether [9]. The theory seemed indisputable until the experiments by well-known physicists Fizo and Maikelson [4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12], whî found significantly contradictive ether properties. These experiments' results persuaded most scientists that ether could not exist. Interestingly, there was no necessity to refuse from Maxwell's equations. Besides, Fizo's and Maikelson's experiments cannot be unambiguosly interpreted to prove the absence of a light-transmitting medium. The matter is that the Moscow physicist Y.N. Ivanov performed similar experiments for sound waves instead of light waves [13]. If they are interpreted in the same fashion as Maikelson did, one has to admit that the sound-transmitting medium, i.e. air, does not exist - just like Maxwell's ether. However, the ether model has been dropped.

Today scientists return to the concept of a light-transmitting medium (Maxwell's ether). Some of them use Max Planck's way, without being in interested in whether ether is an analogue for ideal gas, liquid or crystal. Others attempt to solve the very structure of ether - can it be assumed to be the analogue of gas, liquid, crystal, plasm, foam, fractal or something else?

Consider the problem of choosing ether's model that should not contradict already known properties of the modelled medium. This means that electric, magnetic and gravitational field can exist in it, which are according to Maxwell strained conditions of the medium [5]. Elements of such a medium should possess an inner rotation energy. The modeled medium can oscillate, according to Maxwell, these are electromagnetic oscillations of its elements. Moreover, according to Maxwell's theory, such oscillations propagate in it with the speed of light.

Which of the ether models, claiming to be the only true model, has the aforementioned qualities? Gas, liquid, foam do not fit because the are not capable to conduct transversal waves in the far field of the source. Crystal-like structure and fractals can conduct transversal waves. However, they are anisotropic and hence speed of light in them would depend on its direction. But more detailed studies of the question showed that in some crystals, for example those of diamonds or ice, modern means cannot find anisotropy of sound and light speed. Suppose we postulate ether as crystal-like homogenous and isotropic structure (Fig.1). How can one determine the form of its elements? Let it be, in the first approximation, a circle, in the spirit of Maxwell's "gear" model. In our opinion, the physical sense of such a circle is that is, so to say, a trajectory of a circled ray consisting of the waves of the second order ether, whose elements are 18 orders less than the elements of Maxwell's ether. Thus it seems worthwhile to assume Maxwell ether elements to Planck ether elements and uniting the scientific postulates of the two classicists get the structure of electromagnetic waves according to Maxwell and the basis of quantum theory according to Planck.

Orthogonal view
Hexagonal view

Fig.1. Proposed model for the nanoworld structure in orthogonal (a) and hexagonal (b) projections

The whole visible Universe is filled by crystal-like homogenous isotropic structure, which we named the nanoworld.

In the "nanoworld" hypothesizes system an improved Maxwell ether model is used, that is why nanoworld is Faraday-Maxwell ether, the elements of which have Planck parameters.

The approximate size of its elements is 10-35 m, which is 25 orders less than the size of atoms, the object of micro-world.

ATOMS STRUCTURE FROM THE NANOWORLD THEORY POINT OF VIEW

Let us try to evaluate the elementary particles' properties from the point of view of Maxwell theory. Since photons like radio-waves have electromagnetic origin, but unlike them are similar to a soliton, let us think of them as of a ray that retains its structure. It is not easy to check this, therefore let us assume that their further self-organization leads to the formation of a circular ray. This is in accordance with the structure of electrons and other leptons [14]. How can the circular electron model be tested? Obviously it is necessary to construct atoms and molecules on the basis of sets of similar circles with consideration regarding their magnetic and electrical properties. Let us start with hydrogen atoms. What happens when an electron-ring and a proton, which is four and a half orders less then the first Bor orbit collide? If the electron is a charged ring then the proton must be drawn towards it. However, the electric potential of an electron is the integral of an electric field density (with the vector E) and although the density is maximal on the distance of an electron radius (Gd), the integral has a maximum in the center of the ring (fig 2). Therefore, when a proton is precisely in the center of an electron (charged circle), i.e. in the point of the maximum potential, the potential energy of the connection will be minimal. Such is the model of the hydrogen atom. In the helium atom the electrons' attraction to the nucleus will be balanced by their repulsion from each other. Magnetic forces will lead to same orientation of the electrons. Hence, helium electrons will be located symmetrically (like two hoops on a barrel) with the helium nucleus in the center.

Fig.2. Electron's potential dependency on the coordinates

A third electron will not be able to place itself symmetrically to the first two because they will decrease in diameter when they become closer to the nucleus: the curvature of the circular ray increases because of distortion near the nucleus, thus decreasing the radius of the ring. The third electron will be on the second energy level of the lithium atom. The next electrons will fill this level and the sizes of all electrons will equalize. On the eighth electron the second energy level will be full. Electron-rings will group themselves into a polyhedron made of eight rings. The next (ninth) electron will be forced to enter the third energy level, starting filling the third electron envelope and so forth. The number of electrons on energy levels of atoms built on the basis of the new system of hypothesizes coincides with the classical theory.

Fig.3. Models of electron envelopes: (a) with one electron (b) with 2 (c) with 8 (d) with 18 (e) with 32 electrons.

The stability of models with 1, 2, 8, 18 and 32 magnetic rings was proved by experiments with circular magnets. The most stable models were those that had the maximal number of electrons on each energy levels two on the first one, eight on the second one, 18 on the third one, 32 on the fourth one, etc.(fig.3) [15]. If an atom lacks electrons it becomes active. Please note that elements which have all their stationary electron levels filled (Íå, Ne, Àã, Êã, etc.) are a lot less active chemically than elements, which have gaps in their energy levels (Ê, F, 0 etc.). Our hypothesis was recently confirmed in a publication by an American scientist D.L. Bergman [16].

Now let us turn to the structure of atom's nucleus. It is known that they have a complex structure and consist of nuclons, having in turn the structure of a quark. According to our views, the structure corresponding to a quark is a photon thread spiraling around an imaginary ring (fig.4). And the same time the quarks' orientations differ (U and D). If one brings a quark model of one kind (U), we will see a quark of the second kind in it (D), its polarization being the same as the first one's - right. The spiral structure of nucleus's elements explains their interaction. The coils of neighbouring spirals interact parallelly resulting in strengthening of the interaction (the strong interaction occurs). As a result, the spirals' interactions add to each other. Such a hypothesis found representation in the following work [17]. Representing atomic nuclei as linear nuclon structures facilitates understanding the mechanism of their fragmentation, considered approximately as a process of the destruction of a thin firm rod affected by a uniform dynamic stress with the white noise spectre. In this case the stress is maximal in the points dividing the rod in the golden ration. Such a hypothesis also explains the low stability of heavy atomic nuclei - a longer rod is easier to break. The property of atomic forces saturation becomes clear too.

Fig.4. A model of quark structure

These forces practically do not appear between quarks, located in nucleus parts remote from each other. Nuclei-rods rods rotate quickly, making them hard to distinguish their form experimentally from the form of a sphere. The existing idea of spherical or drop-like form of atomic nuclei appears less likely.

Thus, circular elements with Planck parameters form the crystal-like structure of the nanoworld (ether). Oscillations of this structure are electromagnetic oscillations. Self-focused rays of these waves are photons. Matter consists if circular wave rays (electrons) and spiralized circular wave rays (atomic nuclei elements), i.e dynamic ether perturbations. Thus we have found the following differences between the standard and proposed models:

Nanoworld .......................Emptiness, ether, physical vacuum
Nanoworld deformation ...........Electric, magnetic, gravitational fields
Nanoworld elements oscillations...Electromagnetic oscillations
Waves .........................Electromagnetic waves
Rays ..........................Photons, gamma-quanta, neutrino
Circular elements ............Electrons, muons, tau-leptons (leptons)
Spiral-circular elements ..quarks
Columnar elements ...........Atomic nuclei
Ringsided elements ........Electron envelopes
Transition process between two stable conditions ........Quantum transition
Electromagnetic process.......Quantum object
Incompleteness of standard quantum-mechanical model ...Indefiniteness ratio

Now let us consider three levels of gravitation mechanism. The first level is slowing down of the rays' propagation in a deformed area of the nanoworld, the second is refraction of electromagnetic rays trajectories and the third is drift of circular wave rays (electrons). The ray, refracting in each point of its circular trajectory starts to shift towards the direction of decreasing speed of light. This leads to the drift of circular wave rays (electrons) and spiralized circular wave rays (the elements of atomic nuclei). The law of gravitational drift can be written down as g = -ñ grad c, where ñ is the speed of light in vacuum. This law finishes creating a kinematics system, analogous in form to Newton's system. The "minus" sign means that the acceleration is directed against the gradient of the speed of light. However, the speed of light is a constant according to relativity theory. However, even A. Einstein in his paper "Speed of Light and Static Gravitational Field" allowed for the existence of speed of light gradient, elaborating in his polemics with the well-known physicist M. Abraham that admitting speed of light fluctuation in gravitational field does not mean repudiation of the relativity theory in general [18].


Fig.5. Mechanical model of an electromagnetic wave

We use the existence of speed of light gradient as an argument in favor of proposed hypothesizes system. As for the electrical field (with tension vector E), according to our views it is connected with nanoworld deformation in which the integral of its elements' distortion taken by the normal is not zero. A magnetic field (with tension vector Í) is connected with a radial shift of nanoworld elements (fig.5). Why are vectors E and H perpendicular? Suppose that the red elements on the illustration are those nanoworld elements that rotate clockwise and the blue ones are those that rotate counterclockwise. Then, if the red ones turn out to be "drowned" in relation to the blue ones, we have an electrical deformation of the nanoworld and if the red cells are turned in relation to the blue ones - we have a magnetic deformation. Obviously, the direction of the cells' shift and the rotation axis of the red cells plane relative to the plane of the blue ones are perpendicular. Correspondingly, vectors of the electromagnetic wave E and H are also perpendicular.

HOW TO TRANSFORM THE INNER ENERGY OF ETHER OR NANOWORLD TO ELECTRICITY?

If elements of the nanoworld are circular rays, diameter of which, according to our Planck interpretation is equal to 1035 m, we are dealing with nano-objects, possessing rotation energy. If they start to oscillate, ordinary electromagnetic oscillations will be the result. In order to transform the energy of the nanoworld, it is necessary to create a gradient of inner energy of nano-medium. And it is enough to deform it for that. (As was already shown, electrical and magnetic fields are tensed ether states, i.e. variations of its deformation.) Then why is not it possible to extract the energy of the nanoworld with a constant magnet? It is, but under the condition that at least two magnets will attract or push off each other. However, this way the energy-extraction will be one-time. If it is necessary to extract inner energy continuously (multiple times), deformations have to be periodical in time. In this case an antenna could be used, but in order to hold the extracted energy, a resonator is necessary that would hold (without losing) the energy of electromagnetic oscillations and creating a gradient of inner energy. There are conducting and dielectric resonators. It is know that the quality of dielectric resonators is higher than that of the conducting ones, therefore we turned to them. Considering the most perspective symmetrical electromagnetic resonators, found experimentally in MSU, MEI and MSTU (table 1), it can be seen that their symmetry classes also refer to a multitude of ritual forms.

Table 1. Forms of curve-sided and plane-sided beads

Curve-sided beads
Cylindric
Bi-conic
Ball-like and lens-like
Ellipsoid
Oval and spindle-like
Globoidal or bobbins
Disk-like and ring-like
Full
Segmented
Combined
Deformed
Ribbed
Figure beads
Number of sides
Protuberant-sided
Number of sides
Many-lobe
Chute or kannelled
Beads of curve-sided forms
Flat-sided beads
Prismatic
Di-piramydal
Combined
Right
Flattened
Full
Truncated
Compressed
Parallel
Crossed
Faceted
Special Forms
Beads of flat-sided forms

According to our hypothesis, the nanoworld has a crystal-like structure and its elements have an inner rotation energy. Proceeding from Maxwell's views [5], we can suppose that the values of these inner energy in the nodes and antinodes of standing electromagnetic waves are different, i.e. rotation speeds of nanoworld elements are different. If that is so, the problem of extracting energy can be reformulated as the problem of finding a method to equalize these speeds.

The proposed solution lies in positioning two or more standing waves in such a way that the nodes of one were near the antinodes of another. Consider the most characteristic multi-faceted dielectric resonators allowing to form a closed standing wave, viz. prismatic resonators of the "whispering gallery" (table 2), the form of which tends to a cylinder in limit [19]. In order to conjoin the nodes of a standing wave with the antinodes of another one, a resonator with additional facets of a second row is necessary. It can be created by forming both rows as side facets of a bi-pryramid with a symmetry axis of the eighth order. In this case, one row is turned around the symmetry axis of the pyramid for a 1/16th part of the full circle.

The existence of two tiers of standing waves that we have predicted theoretically has been confirmed [15]. For a bi-pyramid made of leiko-sapphire with angular precision 1 min, energy losses in room temperature on wave length 8 mm were, as was expected, 0,0003 [19].

Table 2. "Whispering gallery" resonator parameters (abridged)
(the data have been received in the laboratories of MSU, MEI and MSTU)

Resonator: Leiko-sapphire lens (diameter 25 mm, curvature radius 14,5 mm, thickness 7,3 mm, fractures less than 0,05 mm)

Resonance frequency, GHz........Band width, MHz.........Quality
33,68........................................1,0..............................34000
34,10........................................0,7..............................49000
...

Coefficient of energy transmitting from the node of one tier to the antinode of the second one is estimated by us to be no greater than 0,00001, i.e. is 30 times less than the losses in the material and radiance.

From the experimentally received table of dependence for resonator quality on the precision of its manufacturing follows that a more precise faceting (angular - 1-10 angular seconds, linear - 0,1-10 mkm) is is possible to achieve self-generation. Today resonators with maximal quality for the material (sapphire) and room temperature have been created (100000). It remains to just move the resonator into self-generation mode using a start generator.

Fig.6. Sapphire (garnet) engine. The arrows show shift currents in it

In the course of experiments made in the "Nanoworld" laboratory a force was found acting on the resonator by the ether [20]. It was seen that this force for a sapphire resonator (fig.6) is 30% of its weight. The mechanism of this force's appearance is described in literature [21]. The main problem today is the creation of an energy source for such an engine. This is the problem that the laboratory works at at the present time [22].

LITERATURE

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15. CD-ROM encyclopedia "Forms, mechanisms and energy of the nanoworld" (published since 1995 in NPO "Polytechnology" of Bauman's MSTU).
16. Bergman D. L. Elementary particles models. - In: Galileo's electrodynamics. Vol.2- 1997.
17. Bergman D. L. Physical models of atomic nuclei.- In: Galileo's electrodynamics. Vol.1.- 1996.
18. Einstein A. Collected scientific works. Vol 1. (Works on relativity theory 1905-1920).- M.: Nauka, 1965.
19. Braginskiy V.B., Bagdasarov H.S., Ilchenko V.S. Propoer and not proper losses of UHF in perfect mono-crystals. - MSU physical faculty preprint, 1986, ¹5,1986.- 4 p.
20. Kushelev A.Y. et àll. The microwave engine. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 2000, v.72, N4, p.365-366.
21. Ivanov G.P. Classical electrodynamics and modern times. - Visagnis (Litva), 2002.
22. Kushelev A.Y. et all. An ecologically pure microwave energy source. - Actual problems of modern science, 2001, ¹2, pp. 152-156.

CD N1: http://ftp.decsy.ru/nanoworld/